Valoración del niño con una primera crisis no provocada / Evaluation of a child with a first unprovoked seizure

Los episodios paroxísticos son uno de los trastornos neurológicos más frecuentes en niños. Es importante diferenciar entre los trastornos paroxísticos no epilépticos, las crisis sintomáticas agudas, las crisis febriles y las crisis no provocadas. La historia clínica permite, en la gran mayoría de los casos, poder llegar al diagnóstico. Las crisis no provocadas únicas son frecuentes en el niño. La tasa de recurrencia tras una primera crisis no provocada varía entre un 23-96% en los dos años siguientes a la primera crisis. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir cómo evaluar al paciente con una primera crisis no provocada y revisar el valor predictivo de los distintos factores de riesgo de recurrencia. Entre dichos factores de riesgo, se evalúan datos como la presencia de antecedentes familiares de epilepsia, historia previa de crisis febriles, edad de debut, tipo de crisis, presencia de crisis prolongadas o crisis agrupadas, crisis de presentación en sueño, anomalías neurológicas, evidencia de una etiología definida, y presencia de anomalías epileptiformes en el electroencefalograma. Los factores de riesgo de recurrencia más importantes son la etiología de las crisis y la presencia de anomalías epileptiformes en el electroencefalograma.

Paroxysmal episodes are one of the most common neurological disorders in children. It is important to distinguish between paroxysmal non-epileptic events, symptomatic seizures, febrile seizures, and unprovoked seizures. Patient's history is the key to proper diagnosis in most of the cases. A single unprovoked seizure is a frequent phenomenon in the pediatric population. Studies of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure show percentages between 23% and 96% over a median follow-up of two years. The aim of this study is to define how to evaluate the first unprovoked epileptic seizure in a child and to review the weight of the different recurrence risk factors. Several factors enable us to predict the recurrence risk after a first unprovoked seizure including family history of epilepsy, prior history of febrile seizures, age at onset, type of seizure, prolonged seizures at onset, multiple seizures in a single day, sleep state, neurological abnormalities, etiology, and abnormalities in the electroencephalogram. The most important of these risk factors are the etiology of the seizures and the evidence of epileptiform abnormalities in the electroencephalogram.

Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure in children / Risco de recorrência após uma primeira crise epilética não provocada em idade pediátrica

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the first episode of unprovoked epileptic seizure in children and assess recurrence risk factors. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, based on the analysis of medical records of patients admitted between 2003 and 2014, with first epileptic seizure, at the pediatric service of a secondary hospital. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Of the 103 patients, 52.4% were boys. The median age at the first seizure was 59 (1-211) months. About 93% of children were submitted to an electroencephalogram at the first episode and 47% underwent neuroimaging assessment. Treatment with an antiepileptic drug was started in 46% of patients. The recurrence rate was 38% and of these, 80% had the second seizure within six months after the first event. Of the assessed risk factors, there was a statistically significant association between seizure during sleep and recurrence (p = 0.004), and between remote symptomatic etiology seizure and occurrence of new seizure (p = 0.02). The presence of electroencephalogram abnormalities was also associated with the occurrence of new seizures (p = 0.021). No association was found between age, duration of the seizure, and family history of epilepsy with increased risk of recurrence. Conclusions: Most children with a first unprovoked epileptic seizure had no recurrences. The risk of recurrence was higher in patients with seizure occurring during sleep or remote symptomatic ones and those with abnormal electroencephalogram results.

Resumo Objetivos: Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar o primeiro episódio de crise epilética não provocada em idade pediátrica e avaliar os fatores de risco de recorrência. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo, baseado na análise dos processos clínicos dos pacientes internados entre 2003 e 2014, num serviço de pediatria de um hospital de nível 2, com primeira crise epilética. Os dados foram trabalhados com o programa SPSS Statistics 20.0. Resultados: Dos 103 pacientes, 52,4% eram meninos. A mediana da idade da primeira crise foi de 59 (um-211) meses. Fizeram eletroencefalograma no primeiro episódio 93% das crianças e 47% neuroimagem. O tratamento com fármaco antiepilético foi instituído em 46% dos pacientes. A taxa de recorrência foi 38% e, desses, 80% tiveram a segunda crise nos seis meses seguintes após o primeiro evento. Dos fatores de risco estudados verificou-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a crise durante o sono e a recorrência (p = 0,004), assim como entre as crises de etiologia sintomática remota e a ocorrência de novas crises (p = 0,02). A presença de anormalidades no eletroencefalograma também esteve associada à ocorrência de novas crises (p = 0,021). Não se encontrou relação entre idade, duração da crise e história familiar de epilepsia com risco aumentado de recorrência. Conclusões: A maioria das crianças com uma primeira crise epilética não provocada não teve recorrências. O risco de recorrência foi superior nos pacientes com crise durante o sono ou crise sintomática remota e naqueles com eletroencefalograma alterado.